Sugar and Slave Trade Dbq free essay sample

Greenberg analyses in 2002 pol... free essay sample

Greenberg investigations in 2002 political kid's shows as a mean of graphical news talk and underlines their significance to permit the populace to decipher occasions and shape how they see their reality . Klaus Dodds talks in 2010 about the intensity of kid's shows in speaking to geopolitics and their ability (in the South African setting) to censure force and administration . A similar creator applies a similar theme in 2007 to the investigation of Steve Bells kid's shows in Britain . Juana Marã ­n-Arrese in 2004 discussions about the procedures of amusingness utilized in political kid's shows to incite feelings and challenge political structures in 1970s Spain . In 2008, she analyzes funniness and its subjective components, while relating it to the European Constitution Referendum in 2005. She uncovers the utilization of silliness as a pundit of French political elites and the Spanish government . Iro Sani, Mardziah Hayati Abdullah, Faiz Sathi Abdullah and Afida Mohamed Ali examine in 2012 diversion as a specialized instrument and the visual intensity of political kid's shows in Nigerian papers. We will compose a custom paper test on Greenberg examinations in 2002 pol or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page They found that humor in kid's shows went about as a pressure alleviation and an assistance to make a supposition on socio-political issues . Iro Sani, Mardziah Hayati Abdullah, Faiz Sathi Abdullah Afida Mohamad Ali in Political Cartoons as a Vehicle of Setting Social Agenda: The Newspaper Example (2012) utilize political kid's shows as a wellspring of information to inquire about social wonders. They found that sketch artists in Nigerian papers would pick their subjects as indicated by the most concerning issues for residents and hence set the social motivation in prevailing press .Many specialists likewise composed contextual investigations of political kid's shows in a particular political setting or about a specific occasion. Ernest G. Bormann, Jolene Koester and Janet Bennett examine in 1978 kid's shows from the 1976 presidential battle in the USA and the development of shared dreams for various gatherings of voters . Michael Cohen, in 2007 discussions about the job of radical illustrators in making purposeful publicity and confining the way of life of famous radicalism, and the manner in which an innocuous amusement turns into a significant weapon for radical mass correspondence, permitting class awareness and building a progressive social development by uncovering social clash, featuring the underlying foundations of social issues and imbalances . Ilan Danjoux in 2007 draws a past filled with political cartooning and clarify the obvious decay of article kid's shows in the USA and the new difficulties digitalisation is bringing for distributers and sketch artists . Joan L. Conners examinations in 2007 how mainstream society references impacted the gathering of kid's shows by American residents during the 2004 presidential crusade. She found that mainstream society references permitted sketch artists to accommodate individuals with ordinary legislative issues and improved the parody procedure . At long last, Lin Esders, Paula MsDonald and Keith Townsend analyze in 2008 the tone of Australian political kid's shows in the WorkChoices discussion and found that most kid's shows would communicate the populaces concerns and utilized a moderate tone, once in a while demonstrating a genuine progressive intensity .

Why the Space Monkey Game Is So Dangerous for Teens

Why the Space Monkey Game Is So Dangerous for Teens Relationships Violence and Abuse Print Why the Choking Game Is Extremely Dangerous for Teens By Jennifer O'Donnell Jennifer ODonnell holds a BA in English and has training in specific areas regarding tweens, covering parenting for over 8 years. Learn about our editorial policy Jennifer O'Donnell Updated on February 03, 2020 Be sure you talk to your child about the dangers of the choking game, and answer any questions your tween might have. Photo: APatterson, freeimages.com More in Relationships Violence and Abuse Spouses & Partners LGBTQ The choking game is a dangerous practice of tweens and teens in which they self-strangulate in order to achieve a brief high. The high is the result of oxygen rushing back to the brain after breathing is cut off by the practice of strangulation.   The choking game (also known as space monkey) is very dangerous and can easily lead to accidental death.   Why Kids Play the Choking Game Pass-out or fainting games have been around for generations, but there is renewed concern in the era of social media and YouTube videos, which can increase peer pressure and make them seem like a normal way to pursue a high without drugs or alcohol. In order to achieve a high, children may use ropes, scarves, or other items to strangle themselves, either alone or within a group. The game is more likely to be deadly when such items are used, and when practiced alone rather than with a friend or group. Prevalence of the Choking Game According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), there were more than 80 deaths due to self-strangulation in children aged 6 to 19 from 1995-2007.?? That estimate, according to parents and advocacy groups, doesn’t accurately represent how widespread the problem is. Instead, they say that the choking game claims more than 100 lives per year, but many of these are incorrectly attributed to suicide. A review of studies on choking behavior found that 7.4 percent of young people had engaged in this behavior up to the age of 20.??  Boys are more likely to die from the choking game, but the behavior is a danger to both boys and girls. Youths who participate in the choking game are more likely to participate in other risk-taking behavior as well. Signs Your Child Is Participating in the Choking Game Children who participate in the choking game may exhibit physical and behavioral symptoms or behaviors:?? Marks or bruises on the neckBloodshot eyesConfusion or disorientation after being alone for a period of timeThe presence of unusual items such as dog leashes, ropes, scarves, bungee cords, and beltsBleeding under the skin of the face and eyelidsBehavior changes Other signs may include: Wear marks on furniture (bedposts, doorknobs, etc.)Linens or ropes tied around doorknobs or furniture or in closetsThe frequent need for privacy Be familiar with the different names given to the choking game that you may overhear in conversation or see in your childs communications. Its also known as the pass-out game, space monkey, the fainting game, scarf game, space cowboy, California choke, the dream game, cloud nine, and purple hazing. How to Talk to Your Child About the Choking Game If you suspect your child has engaged in this dangerous behavior, or if you hear that children at your childs school have engaged in this practice, you need to take quick action. Talk to your child about the real dangers of the choking game, including death, memory loss, seizures, concussions, hemorrhage of the eye, stroke, and brain damage, ?? Also, be sure there isnt anything going on with your child that could cause depression, anxiety, or desperate practices like the choking game. Try to get to the root of your childs problems, and if necessary, enlist the help of a professional counselor. In addition, alert your childs school and other parents should you discover that children in your area are in danger of engaging in the choking game. Above all, help your child  learn how to resist peer pressure, enjoy interests and passions, and make sure your child understands that you are always available to talk should he or she need a good listener.

Cultural Group Characteristics And Demographics - 1541 Words

Cultural Group Characteristics and Demographics According to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), any â€Å"person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment† are considered American Indian or Alaska Natives (AIAN) (Norris, Vines, Hoeffel, 2012). There are 565 Federally Recognized Tribes as well as many other tribes and bands, more than 100, that are not federally recognized. There are various differences in culture between each tribe. Geographically, the majority (largest proportion) of the American Indian and Alaska Native population lives in the West, with the second largest proportion is located in the South. According to the 2014 U.S. Census population estimates, there are 6,138,482 American Indian and Alaska Natives (AIAN) in the United States; that is approximately 1.9% of the total U.S. population, this includes those who claim a combination of American Indian and Alaska Native with other races (U.S. Census Bureau, 2015). Based on the 2014 population estimates, the states with the highest percentage of American Indian and Alaska Native in comparison to total state population are Alaska (18.3%), Oklahoma (12.6%), New Mexico (11.1%), and South Dakota (10%). When looking at total American Indian and Alaska Native po pulation in the U.S., the states that have the highest percentage of the total American Indian and Alaska Native population areShow MoreRelatedHigh Performance Team Essay1157 Words   |  5 Pagesteam/group can become a high-performance team/group, examine the demographic characteristics and culture diversity and the impact on the team/group behavior. I will also describe how demographic characteristics and cultural diversity contribute to or detract from high-performance groups or teams. What is a team/group? A team/group is a group of people who form together to complete a mutual goal such as a presentation, paper, discussing a topic or creating a new design. How does a team/group becomeRead MoreDemographic Characteristics and Cultural Diversity1392 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Groups and teams are affected by many variables and factors. Being able to identify that factors that impact the groups and team success is a valuable asset in order for groups and teams to become high performance groups and teams. Every group or team leader must be aware of the demographic characteristics and the cultural diversity of the team in order to become effective. Groups and Teams There are many factors that affect a teams performance; from leadership and communicationRead MoreHigh-Performance Teams1225 Words   |  5 Pagesto explain how a group can become a high-performance team. The purpose is also to examine the impact of demographic characteristics and cultural diversity on group behavior. This paper will illustrate how demographic characteristics and cultural diversity contribute to or detract from high-performance teams. High-Performance Teams A high-level of performance makes up the basis for groups and teams today. High-performance is a major focus for many organizations since group and teams have becomeRead More High Performance Team Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesHigh-Performance Team Abstract This paper will explain how a group within an organization becomes a high-performance team. It will also examine the impact of demographic characteristics and cultural diversity on group behavior. 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Demographics are primarily used by the governments, non-government organizations, and corporations to get the adequate information about the characteristics of the population for the purpose of development of policy, and the research of the economic market. On the other hand, demographic trends are also imperative because the demographic sizes of various ethnic groups would change over the period as the result of political, economic, and cultural circumstances. At the endRead MoreEssay on The Concept of Culture in Counselling1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe Concept of Culture in Counselling Culture may be defined in a broad and narrow context. The broad definition includes demographic variables ( age, gender), status variables ( social, educational, economic) and affiliations ( formal and informal), as well as ethnographic variables, such as ethnicity, nationality, language. Narrow definition of culture is limited to the terms of ethnicity and nationality, which are important for individual and familial identity, but the concept of cultureRead MoreDemographic Trends And Its Effects On Health Care942 Words   |  4 PagesDemographic Trends Demography is the study of the population grounded on various factors such as sex, economic status, age, race, and the level of technology, the level of income, the level of education, employment, and so forth. Demographics are primarily used by the governments, non-government organizations, and corporations to get the adequate information about the characteristics of the population for the purpose of development of policy, and the research of the economic market. On the other

Five Key Individuals Who Assisted Essay - 802 Words

â€Å"The Intervention† Five key individuals who assisted in the intervention: 1. Mary the superior of Jan. Mary appeared to be on board with the intervention. Jan called Mary as her husband requested, for the day off, by Jan’s spouse. Mary provided Jan the day off and continued to be very secretive about the intervention. The preparation intervention Mary was asked to speak first, at the real intervention. Jan sat next to Mary on arrivals. Mary held Jan’s hand and a very calm, soft soothing way. Spoke of the specific events that made Mary worried, falling asleep at her desk, the birthday, and a day in July. Jan listened and did not leave the room. 2. Jeff the son-in–law Jeff Clarified to Jan how Kim felt at home. He gave specifics Kim was angry and has a huge amount of sorrow about the alcohol, and Kim has many tears fall. Jeff also, went on to rational thoughts about bringing the baby over to the house. He explained in a very compassionate manner that Kim and I both did not want it to be the same as the birthday. Jan looked surprised at what Jeff had believed. The thoughts that he spoke about Kim, appeared to impact Jan. Jan stayed and continued to listen. 3. Sue and Jim, the neighbors Sue held it together when Jan confronted her drinking. Sue agreed she may have a problem too, however Sue brings it back to Jan in a very tranquil manner. The husband Jim did not speak, but was supportive and perhaps thought of his own drinking. 4. Kim the daughter At first sheShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia - Physician Assisted Suicide1641 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician Assisted Suicide John Key once said â€Å"If I had terminal cancer, I had a few weeks to live, I was in tremendous amount of pain - if they just effectively wanted to turn off the switch and legalize that by legalizing euthanasia, I d want that† (Brainyquote, web). John Key, the Prime Minister of New Zealand, supports euthanasia. Since Key has been in office, the public support for euthanasia went up 70%. If people are changing around the world, then why are Americans not changing to acceptRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide For The Terminally Ill Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pages Physician assisted suicide for the terminally ill is one of the most debated policies in America. Physician assisted suicide (PAS) is only considered a when a patient has a terminal illness and expresses their right to end their life with a physician. This scenario typically takes place when a patient is suffering severely from a terminal illness and it is only a matter of time before they will die. Advocates for PAS have typically had a loved one who is or was suffering through their final stagesRead MoreA Request For Assistant Living ( Adult Nursing Homes1682 Words   |  7 Pagesroyal areas of Columbia, South Carolina. 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Can You Start Calling Yourself an Activist Free Essays

I realized that for a long time I was uncomfortable with calling myself an activist, as though I wasn’t notable of the word. It made me realize that activism is really trying to find a way to express yourself through a channel of being, or trying to create space for a way of being, that is inclusive of all people. And in that it means that there are so many ways to be a part of helping that space come to fruition. We will write a custom essay sample on Can You Start Calling Yourself an Activist? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In which case I no longer am uncomfortable to call myself an activist because I am one. We come from a very engaged generation, and because of social media we really have defied the geographic borders that usually separate us, and paid more attention to how do we help establish our international community, and how do we find things to do that really help us rise together. In being a part of Generation Z, what I love the most about it is our willingness to educate one another. I feel like I became an activist because of my love of history, and because I was learning about different cultures and identities and ways of being in a space in which I could recognize the interconnectedness of it all. In which case our generation is kind of become comfortable in helping one another grow, and in trying to I guess compensate for what we don’t know, and it’s allowed me to learn from podcasts. All of my favorite podcasts are on NPR, so I’m always listening to podcasts like Pod Save America, Code Switch, The Nod, and Hidden Brain. I try to keep a wide range in terms of what I listen to and get multiple perspectives on it. I think podcasts are such a great way for spreading information, and it’s something that is so accessible to everyone. I feel like as somebody who learns through stories and through storytelling, there are so many platforms in which we could discuss the intersectionality and the detail of a certain identity. There’s no longer a need to broad stroke what a certain identity or way of being is like because we have the platform to really get into the detail of it, and understand that our experiences aren’t monolithic. Even if it seems like we have everything in common, our experiences are different, and there’s no need anymore to feel as though we must all fit into one experience to be of one community. We can appreciate our community and appreciate our different experiences at the same time, and I feel like podcasts for me are a way of appreciating ways of being that I am not familiar with. I help familiarize it with myself, and help normalize it for myself which gives me the space to help normalize it for the people around me as well. It comes back to this idea that there is not a monolithic experience, and if our mindset is that there is one way of experiencing something than it does not leave space or room for everybody to come forward and to progress together. I understand even as a young black girl I still have privilege that other people don’t have. I’m able to live in a very safe community and in spaces in which I’m allowed to grow as a person. I’m given these spaces and not everybody is given that space, and so how do I even check that privilege that I have to allow myself to share that space, and understand what can I do to optimize that space so that it works for everybody’s advantage. I feel like my education has been a resource in order to expand my realm of knowledge, and figure out how I can be a contributing member to this society. How to cite Can You Start Calling Yourself an Activist?, Papers

Why Has East Asia Grown Much Faster Than Africa Essay Example

Why Has East Asia Grown Much Faster Than Africa? Essay Many nations in Africa observed an impressive growth rate in the early 1990. These were relatively greater than those obtained in the Asian Countries. However, between the 1960s and 1990s, Africa has witnessed a continuous decline in growth and this has raised concerns about what Africa could learn from the miracle of the East-Asian countries. This decline is general for most if not all African countries but emphasis is place on sub-Saharan Africa than on North Africa because the latter is grouped under a different regional economy in the same class with the Middle East. A notable example of comparisms between the growth pace in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia is that between Nigeria and Indonesia. Prior to the 1970, Nigeria was growing faster than Indonesia but this trend changed markedly in the last quarter of the Twentieth century despite the similar experience of oil boom in a predominately agricultural economy (Collier and Gunning, 1999). We further note that the deterioration in Africa was witnessed both in political and economic terms. This raises further concerns when viewed from the perspective of global economy given that globalization of the world economy is perhaps the most important trend that affects the current environment for economic development. It offers great opportunities for poor countries to accelerate their economic development. But, it also poses new and substantial challenges for economic management. (Aryeetey E. et al 2005) Within this context, there has been a tendency to contrast Africa’s growth tragedy over the last three decades with the economic miracle of East Asia. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Has East Asia Grown Much Faster Than Africa? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Has East Asia Grown Much Faster Than Africa? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Has East Asia Grown Much Faster Than Africa? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are certainly likely to be lessons from the East Asian experiences that policy-makers in sub-Saharan Africa could adapt to their own situations. Lessons can be learnt both from the era of rapid growth in East Asia as well as from the ongoing economic crisis. AN OVERVIEW The Southeast Asian nations Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand would seem to offer the most relevant lessons for Sub-Saharan Africa. Southeast Asia and Africa had similar levels of income in the 1960s and 1970s. This can be seen in the graph below, which highlights the changes in GDP per capita in Southeast Asia and Africa since 1970. The two regions also had relatively similar social and political conditions at that time. The graph powerfully illustrates the sustained growth in Southeast Asia for twenty-five years as well as the marked decline in Africa’s fortunes since the early 1980s. Source: Calculated from World Development Indicators (World Bank, 1997). Over the years there has been a debate of whether the slow growth rate in Africa is due to internal or external factors. Be that as it may, a better judgement of the issues is one that recognises influence of both domestic and exogenous factors in determining Africa’s growth rate. Most crucial is the issue of low level of investment in Africa. This goes in line with the simple Harrod-Dommer growth model which posits that with a constant capital-output ratio, an economy needs to save and invest in order to grow. We therefore look at the endogenous and exogenous factors that has inhibited Africa’s growth rate relative to that of East Asia. DOMESTIC FACTORS Slow growth rate in Africa has been originally associated with some geographic and demographic characteristics. Firstly, most countries in Africa are landlocked and have little access to the sea, besides this the tropical climate experienced in Africa provides a breading ground for mosquitoes which has led to high occurrence of the Malaria infection. This disease has killed millions of Africans. An estimated 300-500 million cases each year cause 1. 5 to 2. 7 million deaths (ARCHI, www ). Furthermore, Africa is known for its high fertility rate. Although it also experienced high infant mortality rates, the improvement in health provisions has led to a dramatic increase in population size. Over the past 40 years Africa has not witnessed the demographic transition experienced in East Asian and Latin American countries, and this is a major contributing factor to Africa slow growth rate (Bloom and Sachs, 1998). This can be looked at from two angles in that high fertility rate can be seen as consequence of low levels of income or as a result of it. Invariable, high fertility rate is associated with poor health standards which affects productivity. China once suffered from this same issue and has over the years implemented demographic policies towards reducing fertility rate. We note that the situation could worsen if the HIV/AID pandemic is not controlled effectively and this would lead to high mortality rate among the adult population and thus, a decline in productive labour supply. World bank figures (1999) show that 20-25% of adults are infected with HIV (Collier and Gunning, 1999) Agriculture constitutes a major source of growth in many developing countries. Africa’s slow growth rate can also be related to poor soil quality as much of Africa is semi arid with unstable rainfalls. The rainfall amount has been on the decrease since the 1960s and this affects the investment plans of rural households who depend on agriculture for employment. A further problem is that Africa has poor population density and this implies high transportation costs in the movement of capital and output. Furthermore, Africa is multicultural which occasionally gives rise to marginalisation, conflicts and wars. Cultural diversification exists in Asia as well but the magnitude is more in Africa. An illustration when comparisms are made between Nigeria and China reveals that China has about 12 ethnic groups while Nigeria has about 250 (World Fact Book). The adverse effects of these cannot be overemphasised as the destruction of property and the loss of lives further deteriorates growth. Domestic Policy The dominance of the public sector over the private sector has been a major contributing factor to the slow growth rate in Africa. Most of Africa, after the pre-colonial era experienced autocratic leadership far from democratic ones. This led to an expansion of the public sector. In Ghana and Kenya for instance, public sector provides about 75% and 50% of wage employment. The large number of public sector employees was reconciled with limited tax revenue by reducing wage rates and no-wage expenditures. The ratio of wage to non-wage expenditure in African public sector is double that in East Asia, and this has lowered the quality of public services (Collier and Gunning, 1999). Inadequacies of the public sector led to shortfall in the provision of basic amenities such as electricity. Private industries are forced to provide own electricity with generators. In Nigeria, own generators accounted for three-quarters of the capital equipment of small manufacturers (Lee and Anas, 1991 in Collier and Gunning, 1999). Conversely, pubic sector intervention in the East Asian intervention which was purely market oriented aimed at proper allocation and productivity growth. Allocation to human capital was high in East Asia when compared with that of Africa. In Uganda, only 30% of the non-wage allocation to primary school education finally got to it due to mismanagement of funds (Ablo and Reinikka, 1998 in Collier and Gunning, 1999) In analysing the rapid growth of the East Asian countries , it is evidently clear that their successes lies on their export-push strategies characterized by a viable combination of fundamentals and policy interventions. Notably, in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand emphasis was placed on creating free trade environment for exporters, providing finance and support services for small and medium-size exporters, and focusing infrastructure on areas that encourage exports. These were done while ensuring macroeconomic stability. Manufactured exports have provided most of this growth. From 1965 to 1990, Japan for instance emerged as the worlds biggest exporter of manufactured goods, increasing its share of the world market from nearly 8 to almost 12 percent(World Bank 1993). However in Africa, government marketing monopolies were focused on ensuring food supply to urban areas and this discouraged farmers from specializing in non-food export crops, since they could not rely on being able to buy food locally. Woods and Mayer (1998) noted that Africa failed to industrialize mainly ecause of its high natural resource endowment which gives it comparative advantage in that area. The over-dependence in Natural resources has landed Africa in a low-productivity gap. This is because firms are oriented in small domestic markets, they are not able to exploit economies of scale, nor are they exposed to significant competition. Moreover with many countries concentrati ng on a limited range of export crops [tea, coffee, cotton, cocoa] in Africa, returns to supply expansion have been dampened by adverse world market price trends for these crops. Thus price distortions was not a major issue in East Asia due to their export diversification with manufactured goods contribution most to growth EXTERNAL FACTORS The fact that Africa is better located than Asia for most developed economy markets raises further questions on Africa’s low export potentials in the examined period. However, a greater population of Africans reside further from the coast or navigable rivers than in other regions. This increase transport costs for exports. In terms of financial flows, Africa has attracted much more aid per capita than any other region. Till date, the debate on whether aid has been detrimental or beneficial for the growth process is still on. A follow up of the early critics who claim that aid reduces the incentive for good governance led to the World Bank and IMF implementation of good policy as a condition for the receipt of aid since the 1980s. Collier and Gunning (1999) argue that where policies are good, aid tends to raise growth rate and vice versa. The latter case results due to diminishing returns rapidly set in and hinders aid’s contribution to growth. Until recently, many African policy environments were not good enough for aid to raise growth substantially. This suggests that aid receipt may not have necessarily contributed significantly to Africa’s slow growth rate. Rather, Africa might have failed to use efficiently, the opportunity for enhance growth which aid offers (Burnside C, and Dollar, D (1999). External Policy On external policy issues, African governments adopted exchange rate and trade policies which were anti-export and accumulated large foreign debts. Exchange rates were commonly highly overvalued, reflecting the interest of he political elite in cheap imports. Nigeria for instance, was said to be a dumping ground for cheap and used items from Europe. While this might have been an attempt by the government to provide for the masses, its adverse effect on growth was obviously neglected. Moreover, tariffs and export taxes were higher in Africa than in other regions of the world, partly because of the lack of ot her sources of tax revenue to finance the expansion of the public sector (Collier and Gunning 1999). This continued to happen in the midst of current account deficit. On the other hand, East Asian nations like Japan imposed general import restrictions to redress balance of payments deficits. Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, China, had no cause to impose such restrictions, since their current account balances never faced serious long-term deficits. . Conclusion Without high domestic savings, broad-based human capital, good macro-economic management, and limited price distortions, there would be no basis for growth and no means by which the gains of rapid productivity change could have been realized (World Bank, 1993). The significance of ascertaining why East Asia grew faster than Africa lies on determining the lessons that could be leant from the Miracle of the East Asian Nations. This relates particularly to developing countries which are still aspiring to grow and develop out of poverty. We note that most of these nations are in Africa. We have noted some of the reasons why Africa grew slowly in the last few decades but we must bear in mind that the recent growth trends of some African nations such as Botswana, South-Africa etc has made it difficult to analyse growth using Africa as a category. While Africa’s problems might be partly domestic and partly external, it is believed that domestic policies largely unrelated to trade may now be the main obstacles to growth in much of Africa. Estimates suggest that the shortfall in African investment is due to low private investment; thus the need for more privatisation in Africa. However, the role of the public sector towards growth and development should not be neglected especially in providing incentives and conducive polices that enhance productivity.